每周三的名師說欄目

   特為廣大烤鴨、托友而設

   專門請資深雅思、托福專家

   以專題方式為大家講解各類備考干貨

   前六期還沒看過的可以戳鏈接看回顧

   名師說第一期|目標雅思口語7分該怎樣練習?

   名師說第二期|雅思語法中容易混淆的概念

   名師說第三期|托福寫作該怎么舉例子?

   名師說第四期|三步教你搞定托福口語task1的三選一題型

   名師說第五期|教你解決托福閱讀簡化句子題

   名師說第六期|托福聽力之生僻的學科詞匯真的不要背!

  今天第七期為我們帶來干貨內容的是

  上海新航道托福閱讀導師—易艷

  她為我們帶來的內容是

  詳解托福閱讀推理題

  易艷

北京語言大學教育學碩士

曾赴英國謝菲爾德大學交換學習

  詳解 托福閱讀推理題

  在托福閱讀眾多的題型中，推理題是難度系數僅次于文章總結題的題型，也是學生想要沖擊高分必須重點攻破的題型。

  推理題的難點在于兩個方面：

  一是正確答案在原文沒有明確闡明，學生必須根據原文的內容進行相應的推理。

  二是推理的過程必須是一步推理，如果像柯南一樣層層深入進行發散思維，那么錯誤率反而會提高。

  一般來說，托福閱讀的推理題有三種常見類型：

  比較推理

  時間推理

  歸納推理

  比較推理

  原文出現了兩個互相比較的事物，需要根據其中一個的特征反推出另外一個事物的特征。

  比如TPO20 Passage1 Question11：

  原文：First came the steamboat; although flatboats and keelboats continued to be important until the 1850’s steamboats eventually superseded all other craft in the carrying of passengers and freight. Steamboats were not only faster but also transported upriver freight for about one tenth of what it had previously cost on hand-propelled keelboats.

  問題：Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 5 about flatboats and keelboats?

  A. They ceased to be used as soon as the first turnpikes were built.

  B. They were slower and more expensive to operate than steamboats.

  C. They were used for long-distance but not for regional transportation.

  D. They were used primarily on the Erie Canal.

  原文把steamboat和flatboats and keelboats進行比較，說steamboat不僅更快而且費用是十分之一，那么取反推理一下就是flatboats and keelboats不僅更慢而且更貴，所以正確答案是B。

  比較推理常見詞匯和短語：by contrast，compared with，on one hand，on the other hand, different from，unlike等。

  時間推理

  一般是對比兩個時間段，原文出現了其中一個時間段的事件或事物特征，需要推理出另外一個時間段的事件或事物特征。

  比如TPO6 Passage2 Question3：

  原文：This was before the steam locomotive, and canal building was at its height.

  問題：Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2 about canal building?

  A. Canals were built primarily in the south of England rather than in other regions.

  B. Canal building decreased after the steam locomotive was invented.

  C. Canal building made it difficult to study rock strata which often became damaged in the process.

  D. Canal builders hired surveyors like Smith to examine exposed rock strata.

  原文給的時間段是蒸汽火車頭之前，運河建設達到了頂峰，那取反推理一下就是蒸汽火車頭之后，運河建設下降了，所以正確答案是B。

  時間推理常見標記詞：before，after, ago, present, future等。

  歸納推理

  根據原文給出的不同事物共有的特點和屬性歸納推理出相應的結論。

  比如TPO26 Passage2 Question10：

  原文：The term retreat is applied to the short-term escape behavior of desert animals, and it usually assumes the pattern of a daily rhythm. Birds shelter in nests, rock overhangs, trees, and dense shrubs to avoid the hottest hours of the day, while mammals like the kangaroo rat burrow underground.

  問題：It can be inferred from paragraph 6 that all of the places desert animals retreat to

  A. provide shade from the sun

  B. sometimes become crowded

  C. are places where supplies of food are plentiful

  D. leave the animals vulnerable to predators

  原文給出的信息是鳥類會躲在巢穴里、懸石下、樹上或者密集的灌木叢里，哺乳動物則會在地下打洞，共同的屬性就是都要躲避太陽，那歸納推理出的結論就是沙漠里的動物都是躲在能夠遮陰的地方，所以正確答案是A。

  推理題解題的步驟：

  1. 通過題干里的關鍵詞找到對應的原文

  2. 分析上下文，判斷一下推理類型，得出相應的結論。

  比如TPO17 Passage3 Question1：

  Paragraph 1: A symbiotic relationship is an interaction between two or more species in which one species lives in or on another species. There are three main types of symbiotic relationships: parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism. The first and the third can be key factors in the structure of a biological community; that is, all the populations of organisms living together and potentially interacting in a particular area.

  1. Which of the following statements about commensalism can be inferred from paragraph 1?

  A. It excludes interactions between more than two species.

  B. It makes it less likely for species within a community to survive.

  C. Its significance to the organization of biological communities is small.

  D. Its role in the structure of biological populations is a disruptive one.

  根據題干里的commensalism找到對應的原文是第2句話，說主要有三種共生關系：parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism. 接著下文第三句話講第一個和第三個是關鍵因素，也就是parasitism和mutualism是關鍵因素，暗含了比較推理在里面，那取反推理一下就是commensalism不是那么關鍵，所以正確答案是C。

   今天的講解就到這里啦~

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