每周三的名師說欄目

  特為廣大烤鴨、托友而設(shè)

  專門請資深雅思、托福專家

  以專題方式為大家講解各類備考干貨

  這次給帶來的是托福閱讀25+的秘籍：理清楚邏輯與題型間的聯(lián)系

  張迅

  新航道上海學(xué)校托福主講

  上海師范大學(xué)英語師范專業(yè)，持英語專業(yè)八級證書、中級口譯證書、教師資格證。曾赴英國約克大學(xué)交流學(xué)習(xí)。6年教學(xué)經(jīng)驗(yàn)，教出過100分以上的精英班學(xué)生，也教出過首戰(zhàn)閱讀26分的零基礎(chǔ)學(xué)生。

  托福考生都知道，托福閱讀有10大題型—細(xì)節(jié)題、排除題、詞匯題、句子簡化題、句子插入題、修辭目的題、推斷題、篇章總結(jié)題以及圖表歸類題。

  同學(xué)們可能上了很多課，記下了每種題型的做題方法和思路，但是到了考試的時候，一旦所有題型混合起來，腦袋開始變得不好使了：這個是什么題型?這個題型的做法是什么?上課老師怎么講的?于是在一連串的問號之后，迷迷糊糊的結(jié)束了考試。最后出來的成績自然是不甚理想。

  究其原因是同學(xué)們沒有抓住閱讀考題的本質(zhì)，沒有理解出題者為何會在某個段落中出這些題型。因此本次名師課堂就要為大家講解托福閱讀文章中邏輯關(guān)系和題型之間的聯(lián)系。

  第一節(jié)課我們先講解并列邏輯關(guān)系和題型搭配。

  托福常考的邏輯中，并列關(guān)系邏輯在文章段落中出現(xiàn)的頻率比較多，也是最容易被判斷和出題的。我們先來看一下典型的并列結(jié)構(gòu)的句子和段落：

  Entering the polis age, Athens had the traditional institutions of other Greek proto-democratic states: an assembly of adult males, an aristocratic council, and annually elected officials.(TPO40)

  Lower birth rates, low juvenile survivorship, and low growth rates follow, so there is a corresponding decline in hare abundance. (TPO27)

  It even affects the climate on a very local level (the "microclimate") by influencing light intensity, humidity, and both the range and extremes of temperature. (TPO40)

  仔細(xì)分析上述句子結(jié)構(gòu)，不難看出并列關(guān)系句子中表現(xiàn)的形式之一：A、B 、C(A、B、C屬性一致，可以是名詞，名詞性詞組或者從句)

  并列結(jié)構(gòu)的重要特征之一就是并列成分的詞性屬性和語法結(jié)構(gòu)完全一致。下面我們來看看句子之間的并列關(guān)系。

  the most important traditional Navajo rituals include the production of large floor paintings.These are actually made by pouring thin, finely controlled streams of colored sands or pulverized vegetable and mineral substances, pollen, and flowers in precise patterns on the ground. The largest of these paintings may be up to 5.5 meters in diameter and cover the entire floor of a room. (TPO41)

  Two other factors contribute to the higher overall temperature in cities. The first is the heat capacity of the materials that constitute the city, which is typically dominated by concrete and asphalt. During the day, heat from the Sun can be conducted into these materials and stored—to be released at night. But in the countryside materials have a significantly lower heat capacity because a vegetative blanket prevents heat from easily flowing into and out of the ground. The second factor is that radiant heat coming into the city from the Sun is trapped in two ways: (1) by a continuing series of reflection among the numerous vertical surfaces that buildings present and (2) by the dust dome, the cloudlike layer of polluted air that most cities produce. (TPO23)

  Certain features of these engravings lead to the conclusion that they are of great age—geological changes had clearly happened after the designs had been made and local Aboriginal informants, when first questioned about them, seemed to know nothing of their origins. Furthermore, the designs were covered with “desert varnish,”a glaze that develops on rock surfaces over thousands of years of exposure to the elements. (TPO23)

  Mithen proposes the existence of four mental elements to account for the emergence of farming: (1) the ability to develop tools that could be used intensively to harvest and process plant resources; (2) the tendency to use plants and animals as the medium to acquire social prestige and power; (3) the tendency to develop "social relationships" with animals structurally similar to those developed with people—specifically, the ability to think of animals as people (anthropomorphism) and of people as animals (totemism); and (4) the tendency to manipulate plants and animals.

  從上述段落中可以看出，并列關(guān)系在段落中會有表示并列關(guān)系的銜接詞：the first, the second, furthermore, 還有表示羅列順序的數(shù)字。還有使用代詞把各層意思都緊密串聯(lián)在一起的并列結(jié)構(gòu)(These are、 The largest of these paintings)。

  認(rèn)識了上述的一些表示并列結(jié)構(gòu)的句子和段落之后，下面看一下并列邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)和題型的聯(lián)系。

  作者使用并列結(jié)構(gòu)的主要目的就是為了堆砌重要細(xì)節(jié)，一般都是為了描述某個現(xiàn)象，某個特點(diǎn)對象的重要特征。于是出題者往往有比較大的可能性針對這些并列結(jié)構(gòu)句式和段落來出否定事實(shí)題。否定事實(shí)題的要求就是在眾多細(xì)節(jié)信息中尋找一個錯誤細(xì)節(jié)。下面我們來看這道題：

  [ TPO28 ]The newly domesticated animals behaved better, were easier to control, and may have enjoyed a higher birth rate, which in turn yielded greater milk supplies.

  此題是Tpo28 中的，截取了其中的一題否定事實(shí)題。此題中的關(guān)鍵句中存在三項(xiàng)謂語動詞結(jié)構(gòu)并列關(guān)系：behaved better, were easier to control, and may have enjoyed a higher birth rate。

  分別使用了behave;were;have enjoyed，把一些重要細(xì)節(jié)都融入到此句子中，因此在這句話中考到了否定事實(shí)題，我們只需要在這句話中把三個正確對應(yīng)選項(xiàng)找到即可。

  According to paragraph 3, all of the following statements were true of newly domesticated animals EXCEPT

  ○ They were controlled more easily by the farmers. (對應(yīng) were easier to control)

  ○ They produced a larger number of offspring. (對應(yīng)enjoyed a higher birth rate)

  ○ They produce more milk. (yield greater milk)

  ○ They were larger in size. (無對應(yīng)信息)

  [ TPO28 ]The cattle herders had only a few possessions: unsophisticated pots and polished adzes. They also hunted with bow and arrow. The Saharan people left a remarkable record of their lives painted on the walls of caves deep in the desert. Their artistic endeavors have been preserved in paintings of wild animals, cattle, goats, humans, and scenes of daily life that extend back perhaps to 5,000 B.C.. The widespread distribution of pastoral sites of this period suggests that the Saharans ranged their herds over widely separated summer and winter grazing grounds.

  仔細(xì)分析此段落，我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，這段的幾個句子都是用代詞串聯(lián)起來的，所有的內(nèi)容都是關(guān)于早期Saharan人的詳細(xì)細(xì)節(jié)：The Saharan people……; Their artistic endeavors………; The widespread ………of this period suggests that ………。

  在這段話里面通過這些代詞把關(guān)于early Saharan people 的一些細(xì)節(jié)信息都串聯(lián)了起來，因此在這樣的并列段落中，不出所料又出現(xiàn)了排除題：

  According to paragraph 5, each of the following was true about the early Saharan people EXCEPT

  ○ They had few possessions apart from cattle. (對應(yīng)文中had only a few possessions)

  ○ After about 5,000 B.C., they lived primarily in caves that were located deep in the desert.

  ○ Between the summer and winter seasons, they moved their herds over long distances.(對應(yīng)文中arrange their heards over separated summer and winter)

  ○ They painted animals and scenes of daily life on the walls of caves. (對應(yīng)文中l(wèi)eft a remarkable record of their lives painted on the walls )

  經(jīng)過對選項(xiàng)和文中串聯(lián)信息的仔細(xì)比對，不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，此題的錯誤選項(xiàng)應(yīng)該是B。

  [ TPO36 ]But Forbes erred in two ways. One was the particular study site he happened to use a springboard for his sweeping postulate of a lifeless abyss. Although the Aegean had been the birthplace of marine biology, its depths are now known to be exceptionally lacking in animal diversity. Moreover, through no fault of his own, Forbes was not particularly successful at sampling such life as did exist at the bottom of the Aegean. Its opening was small and the holes in the net so large that the dredge inevitably missed animals. Many of those it did catch must have poured out of its open mouth when Forbes reeled it in.

  分析此段落，此段落也是明顯的并列結(jié)構(gòu)，混合使用了并列邏輯關(guān)聯(lián)詞和代詞來串聯(lián)一系列的細(xì)節(jié)信息: One; its; Moreover; Its opening; Many of those. 作者使用了這些并列邏輯關(guān)聯(lián)詞和代詞把所有Forbes 的詳細(xì)錯誤問題都串聯(lián)了起來，因此在這段話中又出了否定事實(shí)題:

  According to paragraph 4, Forbes’s dredge had each of the following problems EXCEPT:

  ○ Its opening was too small to collect certain kinds of animals. (對應(yīng)文中的its opening was small ….. missed animals)

  ○ The holes in its net were so large that animals could escape through them. (對應(yīng)文中的the net so large that the dredge inevitably missed animals)

  ○ It could not get all the way down to the Aegean seafloor to sample the animals there.(對應(yīng)文中such life as did exist at the bottom of the Aegean)此選項(xiàng)錯誤 選C

  ○ Many animals were lost out of its open mouth when it was pulled up. (對應(yīng)文中的 those it did catch must have poured out of its open mouth)

  通過以上三個例子，我們對于并列結(jié)構(gòu)的段落做一下總結(jié)：

  1)并列句式或者段落結(jié)構(gòu)一般都有明顯的表示并列關(guān)系的信號詞。有in addition; furthermore; moreover; another; also; other。還有一些序數(shù)詞，如the first, the second 等。

  2)不要忽略代詞的串聯(lián)作用。代詞是把相關(guān)信息都串聯(lián)起來，也就是說存在代詞的句子之間都是具有相關(guān)性的，因此大家在看文章的時候必須把這些句子當(dāng)做一個信息群組去理解。

  今天的講解就到這里啦~

  你都學(xué)會了嗎?

  對這篇文章有任何問題

  或者下一期想聽哪位老師講解

  想聽關(guān)于雅思、托福、SAT的什么干貨

  都?xì)g迎下方留言~

  小航一定會竭盡所能為大家答疑解惑!