每周三新航道上海學校 名師說欄目

  特為廣大烤鴨、托友而設

  專門請資深雅思、托福專家

  以專題方式為大家講解各類備考干貨

  前幾期還沒看過的可以戳鏈接看回顧

  名師說第一期|目標雅思口語7分該怎樣練習?

  名師說第二期|雅思語法中容易混淆的概念

  名師說第三期|托福寫作該怎么舉例子?

  名師說第四期|三步教你搞定托福口語task1的三選一題型

  名師說第五期|教你解決托福閱讀簡化句子題

  名師說第六期|托福聽力之生僻的學科詞匯真的不要背!

  名師說第七期|詳解托福閱讀推理題

  名師說第八期|托福口語拿滿分?可以!

  名師說第九期|托福閱讀細節題

  名師說第十期|三步提升托福聽力，9分達人就是你!

  ▲章建麗

  新航道上海學校雅思、托福主講

  9年一線教學經驗

  上海師范大學教育學碩士

  曾赴東京經濟大學訪問交流

  托福考試中，有些同學害怕長句，經常就是每個單詞意思都知道，但是放在句子里卻看不懂整句話的意思。

  其實無論多長的句子，多么復雜的結構，它們都是由一些基本的成分組成的，因此只要靈活運用一些基本語法知識就能弄清句子的結構，找出整個句子的主干，然后分析各層意思之間的邏輯關系。下面我們舉例來分析下托福閱讀中的一些長句子：

  01

  例句：How the first governments took shape in these areas is not certain, but anthropologists studying the evolution of human communities in various parts of the world have discovered that one common stage in the process is the emergence of what are called “big men” within a single village or a collection of villages.

  這句話大家先試試，能不能分析理解出意思呢?

  分析：(How the first governments took shape in these areas) is not certain, but anthropologists ( studying the evolution of human communities in various parts of the world)have discovered( that one common stage in the process is the emergence of (what are called “big men”) within a single village or a collection of villages.)

  劃線部分是句子主干;

  標黃句子，How the first governments took shape in these areas主語從句做句子主語;

  標橘句子，studying the evolution of human communities in various parts of the world 現在分詞短語作后置定語修飾anthropologists;

  標紅句子，that one common stage in the process is the emergence of what are called “big men” within a single village or a collection of villages.動詞discovered后面的賓語從句。what are called “big men”介詞 of后面的賓語從句

  翻譯：不能確定這些地區的首個政府是如何產生的，但研究世界不同地區人類社群演進的人類學家已經發現，此進程有一個共同階段，即在一個村落或一組村落內出現所謂的“大人物”。

  02

  例子：It has been said that Chinese papermakers were among the prisoners captured in a battle fought near Samarqand between the Chinese and the Muslims in 751,and the technique of papermaking-in which cellulose pulp extracted from any of several plants is first suspended in water, caught on a fine screen, and then dried in flexible sheets-slowly spread westward.

  這句話再來試試，能不能分析理解出意思呢?

  分析： It has been said (that Chinese papermakers were among the prisoners captured in a battle fought near Samarqand between the Chinese and the Muslims in 751),and the technique of papermaking-(in which cellulose pulp extracted from any of several plants is first suspended in water, caught on a fine screen, and then dried in flexible sheets)-slowly spread westward.

  劃線部分是句子主干;

  標黃句子，that Chinese papermakers were among the prisoners captured in a battle fought near Samarqand between the Chinese and the Muslims in 751是主語從句，其中：

  captured in a battle過去分詞做后置定語修飾the prisoners

  fought near Samarqand 過去分詞做后置定語修飾battle

  標紅句子，in which cellulose pulp extracted from any of several plants is first suspended in water, caught on a fine screen, and then dried in flexible sheets定語從句修飾the technique of papermaking，其中：

  extracted from any of several plants過去分詞做后置定語修飾cellulose pulp

  翻譯：751年在撒馬爾罕附近，中國人和穆斯林進行過一場戰斗，據說，中國的造紙工人是此戰役的被俘囚犯，于是，造紙術-從幾種植物的任何一種之中提取纖維素紙漿，先是懸浮于水中，用細篩接住，然后干燥，制成柔韌的薄片-逐漸向西傳播。

  03

  例子：The same thing happens to this day, though on a smaller scale, wherever a sediment-laden river or stream emerges from a mountain valley onto relatively flat land, dropping its load as the current slows: the water usually spreads out fanwise, depositing the sediment in the form of a smooth, fan-shaped slope.

  有了上面的兩個解析后，大家有沒有了解一些呢?再跟著我練習一遍吧。

  分析：The same thing happens to this day, though on a smaller scale, (wherever a sediment-laden river or stream emerges from a mountain valley onto relatively flat land), (dropping its load as the current slows:(the water usually spreads out fanwise, depositing the sediment in the form of a smooth, fan-shaped slope)).

  劃線部分是句子主干，though on a smaller scale做插入成分,說明現在是在更小的規模上發生同樣的事情;

  標黃句子，wherever a sediment-laden river or stream emerges from a mountain valley onto relatively flat land 是狀語從句

  標紅句子，dropping its load as the current slows: the water usually spreads out fanwise, depositing the sediment in the form of a smooth中：

  fan-shaped slope分詞短語做狀語,表示伴隨發生的動作

  the water usually spreads out fanwise, depositing the sediment in the form of a smooth, fan-shaped slope 冒號后面用了一個同位語成分

  depositing the sediment in the form of a smooth, fan-shaped slope 現在分詞短語做伴隨狀語

  翻譯：現代也有冰水沉積,盡管規模相對較小。凡是有攜帶泥沙的河流或者溪流從山谷流至相對平坦的地面時,砂石就隨著水流速度的減慢逐漸沉淀;水流通常呈扇形擴散,它們所攜帶的砂石也會沉淀為光滑的扇形斜坡。

  04

  例子：Contrary to the arguments of some that much of the pacific was settled by Polynesians accidentally marooned after being lost and adrift, it seems reasonable that this feat was accomplished by deliberate colonization expeditions that set out fully stocked with food and domesticated plants and animals.

  按照前面的套路，最后兩題，給大家試一試吧。

  分析：Contrary to the arguments of some (that much of the pacific was settled by Polynesians accidentally marooned after being lost and adrift), it seems reasonable(that this feat was accomplished by deliberate colonization expeditions (that set out fully stocked with food and domesticated plants and animals))

  劃線部分是句子主干;

  標黃句子that much of the pacific was settled by Polynesians accidentally

  marooned after being lost and adrift，同位語從句，解釋說明arguments

  在上面同位語從句里還有一個現在分詞短語做狀語after being lost and adrift，相當于after Polynesians were lost and adrift;

  標紅句子，that this feat wasaccomplished by deliberate colonization expeditions that set out fully stocked with food and domesticated plants and

  animals，主語從句 it seems reasonable中的 it是形式主語。

  真正的主語是這個從句：that set out fully stocked with food and domesticated plants and

  animals，定語從句，修飾expeditions;fully stocked with food and domesticated plants and animals，過去分詞短語做狀語修飾set out，出發時充分貯存了食物和被馴化動植物。

  翻譯：和某些人的觀點相反，這些觀點認為波利尼西亞人是在偶爾迷失和漂流被困住而定居在大部分太平洋地區，另外一種觀點似乎更加合理，認為這些功績是通過故意的并且出發時充分貯存了食物和被馴化動植物的殖民探險來實現的。

  05

  例子：However, no group or species can maintain its dominance indefinitely, and when, after over 200 million years, the age of dinosaurs came to a dramatic end about 65 million years ago, mammals began to flourish, evolving from relatively few types of small terrestrial animals into the myriad of diverse species, including bats and whales, that we know today.

  好，最后一個例子，大家來總結分析下。

  分析：However, no group or species can maintain its dominance indefinitely, and(when, after over 200 million years, the age of dinosaurs came to a dramatic end about 65 million years ago), mammals began to flourish, (evolving from relatively few types of small terrestrial animals into the myriad of diverse species, including bats and whales, that we know today.)

  劃線部分是句子主干;

  標黃句子，when, after over 200 million years, the age of dinosaurs came to a dramatic end about 65 million years ago 狀語從句;

  標紅句子，evolving from relatively few types of small terrestrial animals into the myriad of diverse species, including bats and whales, that we know today 現在分詞短語做狀語。

  翻譯：但是，沒有生物群或物種可以無限期的保持其支配地位;在2億多年后，恐龍時代在大約6500萬年前戲劇化的終結，此后哺乳動物開始繁盛，他們從相對很少的幾種小型陸生動物進化為我們現在所知的無數不同物種，包括蝙蝠和鯨魚。

  從上面的分析可以看出

  在做閱讀長難句時，一個基本的思路是

  刪繁就簡

  即拋去句中插入語、介詞短語及分詞短語等修飾

  先關注主干，理解句子的核心意思

  遵循這樣一些規律運用語法知識

  有助于提高閱讀效率和相關題型

  尤其是句子簡化題的正確率